Groundhog Day - Wikipedia. Groundhog Day. Observed by. United States, Canada and Germany.

Type. Cultural. Significance. Supposedly predicts the arrival of spring. Celebrations. Announcing whether a groundhog sees its shadow after it emerges from its burrow. Date. February 2.

Frequency. Annual. Groundhog Day (Canadian French: Jour de la Marmotte; Pennsylvania German: Grundsaudaag, Murmeltiertag) is a traditional holiday originating in the United States that is celebrated on February 2. According to folklore, if it is cloudy when a groundhog emerges from its burrow on this day, then the spring season will arrive early, some time before the vernal equinox; if it is sunny, the groundhog will supposedly see its shadow and retreat back into its den, and winter weather will persist for six more weeks.[1]Modern customs of the holiday involve early morning celebrations to watch the groundhog emerging from its burrow. In southeastern Pennsylvania, Groundhog Lodges (Grundsow Lodges) celebrate the holiday with fersommlinge,[2] social events in which food is served, speeches are made, and one or more g'spiel (plays or skits) are performed for entertainment. The Pennsylvania German dialect is the only language spoken at the event, and those who speak English pay a penalty, usually in the form of a nickel, dime, or quarter per word spoken, with the money put into a bowl in the center of the table.[3]Groundhog Day was more widely adopted in the U.

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S. in 1. 88. 7. Clymer H. Freas was the editor of the local paper Punxsutawney Spirit at the time, and he began promoting the town’s groundhog as the official "Groundhog Day meteorologist".[4]The largest Groundhog Day celebration is held in Punxsutawney, Pennsylvania, with Punxsutawney Phil. Groundhog Day, already a widely recognized and popular tradition,[5] received widespread attention as a result of the 1.

Groundhog Day.[6]History[edit]The celebration began as a Pennsylvania German custom in southeastern and central Pennsylvania in the 1. It has its origins in ancient European weather lore, in which a badger or a sacred bear is the prognosticator, as opposed to a groundhog.[7] It also bears similarities to the Pagan festival of Imbolc (the seasonal turning point of the Celtic calendar, which is celebrated on February 2 and also involves weather prognostication[8]), and to St.

Swithun's Day on July 1. Historical origins[edit]The first documented American reference to Groundhog Day can be found in a diary entry,[9] dated February 4, 1. Morgantown, Pennsylvania, storekeeper James Morris: Last Tuesday, the 2nd, was Candlemas day, the day on which, according to the Germans,[1. Groundhog peeps out of his winter quarters and if he sees his shadow he pops back for another six weeks nap, but if the day be cloudy he remains out, as the weather is to be moderate.

From England, the poem: If Candlemas be fair and bright,Winter has another flight. If Candlemas brings clouds and rain,Winter will not come again.[1. From Scotland, the poem: If Candlemas Day is bright and clear,There'll be two winters in the year.[1.

From Germany, the poem: For as the sun shines on Candlemas Day,So far will the snow swirl until May. For as the snow blows on Candlemas Day,So far will the sun shine before May.[1. Alternative origin theories[edit]In some western countries in the Northern Hemisphere, the 'official' first day of spring is almost seven weeks (4. Groundhog Day, on March 2.

March 2. 1; in others, that date is traditionally the middle of spring, just as the solstice in June is midsummer day.[citation needed]The custom could have been a folk embodiment of the confusion created by the collision of two calendar systems. Some ancient traditions marked the change of season at cross- quarter days such as Imbolc when daylight first makes significant progress against the night. Other traditions held that spring did not begin until the length of daylight overtook night at the Vernal Equinox. So an arbiter, the groundhog/hedgehog, was incorporated as a yearly custom to settle the two traditions. Sometimes spring begins at Imbolc, and sometimes winter lasts six more weeks until the equinox.[1. Another theory states that the groundhog naturally comes out of hibernation in central Pennsylvania in early February because of the increasing average temperature; under this theory, if German settlement had been centered further north, Groundhog Day would take place at a later date.[1.

However, observation of groundhogs in central New Jersey is that they mostly come out of their burrows in mid- March, regardless of Groundhog Day weather.[1. Locations[edit]The largest Groundhog Day celebration is held in Punxsutawney, Pennsylvania, where crowds as large as 4.

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Other celebrations of note in Pennsylvania take place in Quarryville in Lancaster County,[1. Anthracite Region of Schuylkill County,[1. Sinnamahoning Valley of Bucks County.[1. The day is observed with various ceremonies at other locations in North America,[2. Wiarton Willie of Wiarton, Ontario, Arizona (marks the start of boating season),[2.

Shubenacadie Sam in Nova Scotia,[2. Staten Island Chuck in New York City,[2. University of Dallas in Irving, Texas (which has what is claimed to be the second largest Groundhog celebration in the world).[2. In 2. 01. 7 Groundhog Day was scheduled to be observed at zoos in Moscow, St. Petersburg, and Samara, Russia.[2. Meteorological accuracy[edit]According to Groundhog Day organizers, the rodents' forecasts are accurate 7. However, a Canadian study for 1.

Groundhog Day were only 3. According to the Storm. Fax Weather Almanac and records kept since 1. Punxsutawney Phil's weather predictions have been correct 3. The National Climatic Data Center has described the forecasts as "on average, inaccurate" and stated that "[the] groundhog has shown no talent for predicting the arrival of spring, especially in recent years."[2. Similar customs[edit]A similar custom is celebrated among Orthodox Christians in Serbia on 1. February (2 February according to the local religious Julian calendar) during the feast of celebration of Sretenje or The Meeting of the Lord (Candlemas).

It is believed that the bear will awaken from winter dormancy on this day, and if it sees (meets) its own shadow in this sleepy and confused state, it will get scared and go back to sleep for an additional 4. Thus, if it is sunny on Sretenje, it is a sign that the winter is not over yet. If it is cloudy, it is a good sign that the winter is about to end.

Every Voting Machine at This Hacking Conference Got Totally Pwned. A noisy cheer went up from the crowd of hackers clustered around the voting machine tucked into the back corner of a casino conference room—they’d just managed to load Rick Astley’s “Never Gonna Give You Up” onto the Win. Vote, effectively rickrolling democracy. The hack was easy to execute. Two of the hackers working on the touchscreen voting machine, who identified only by their first names, Nick and Josh, had managed to install Windows Media Player on the machine and use it to play Astley’s classic- turned- trolling- track.

The rickroll stunt was just one hack at the security conference DEF CON, which ran a three- day Voting Machine Hacking Village to test the security of various machines and networks used in US elections. By the end of the weekend, every one of the roughly 3. Even though several of the exploits ended up paying tribute to Astley, they’re not jokes—they also present a serious lesson about the security vulnerabilities in voting machines that leave them open to tampering and manipulation. And the more vulnerable our voting infrastructure is shown to be, the less confidence voters may feel.

The real takeaway is that you can install any software on this,” Nick told Gizmodo. There’s no control.” Nick had simply connected a keyboard to an exposed USB port at the back of the Win. Vote, which was used in elections as recently as 2. The voting village is the brainchild of a who’s- who list of security experts: DEF CON founder Jeff Moss, cryptographer Matt Blaze, computer programmer Harri Hursti (whose hack of Diebold voting machines in 2. Hursti Hack”), and others. Researchers have been uncovering problems with voting systems for more than a decade, but the 2. Now the entire country, and maybe the world, is paying attention.

But poll workers and former campaign officials say that their primary security concerns still aren’t with voting machines themselves but with protecting voter registration systems and defending against basic phishing attacks like the ones used to gain entry to the Democratic National Committee’s network. Meet the machines“This is the great Satan,” said Joseph Lorenzo Hall, the chief technologist at the Center for Democracy & Technology, gesturing dismissively at the Win. Vote. The machine contains a cellular modem chip that allows its software to be updated remotely. Unfortunately, it also means that you can log into the damn thing from across the street if you know the right credentials,” Hall explained.

What’s hundreds of miles between networked friends?” The Win. Vote was the first machine to fall, with a hacker achieving remote code execution on the machine within the first hours of the village. Win. Votes were decertified by Virginia’s election board in 2. American voting systems are largely cobbled together with antiquated technology. Voting machines can vary by state and county, and have to be certified by the Election Assistance Commission. But other devices, like the electronic poll books used in some jurisdictions to check in voters at their polling stations, aren’t subject to the certification process.

Add in the voter registration databases themselves—which were reportedly breached in 3. The machines are mostly new to the hackers at DEF CON.

They’re not very much fun, they’re like very boring ATMs,” Hall joked. It’s obvious that election systems aren’t very secure, but it’s important to understand why the security problems exist in the first place, and why they’re so hard to fix. Watch Bad Building Download Full.

The security industry encourages regular software updates to patch bugs and keep machines as impenetrable as possible. But updating the machines used in voting systems isn’t as easy as installing a patch because the machines are subject to strict certification rules.

Any major software update would require the state to redo its certification process. It costs over $1 million to get certified,” Joshua Franklin, a security specialist with the National Institute of Standards and Technology’s cybersecurity and privacy application unit, explained to attendees.

Franklin said that even though the Election Assistance Commission’s most recent election security standards were released in 2. The cost breaks down to about $3. Tom Stanionis, an IT manager for a county election agency in California who attended the village in his personal capacity.

Most states just don’t have the money. What’s hundreds of miles between networked friends?”“The reality is, we’ve known about issues with voting machines for a long time,” Stanionis told Gizmodo. Since purchasing brand new systems is out of the question, Stanionis said most states do their best to protect the systems they have, walling them off from the internet and storing them securely when they’re not being used. The rat king of decentralized state vendors and machines might actually be a good defense during a general election—it would force hackers to successfully target many disparate systems. It would be really hard in most jurisdictions to do anything to affect the voting machines,” Stanionis said. Difficult doesn’t mean impossible, though, and that’s what DEF CON’s hackers have set out to prove.

If a hacker tucked away in a corner of a Las Vegas casino can alter a vote count, then surely a nation- state attacker can too. The thing you have to ask about any new technology is, compared with the technology that proceeded it, does this make that threat easier or harder? Does it make us better off or worse off?” Blaze told attendees. Does whatever the technology we’re using make this threat an easier threat or a tougher threat? That’s the question we haven’t really been sharply asking for very long.” Email security and beyond. Robby Mook, the former manager of Hillary Clinton’s presidential campaign, is at DEF CON for the first time, and you can kind of tell—he looks a bit too clean cut for a conference often filled with hoodie- wearing hackers.

But he’s got experience being targeted by nation- state hackers that few other attendees can claim. Although hackers were hard at work down the hall figuring out how to alter vote tallies, Mook said he was still mostly worried about getting campaign workers to secure their email accounts with two- factor authentication and stop retaining data for longer than necessary.“It’s much more a matter of culture and education than it is of spending enormous resources,” Mook told Gizmodo. The Carrie Diaries Full Season 1 Download there.